Islamic Terrorism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Islamic Terrorism - Research Paper Example Be that as it may, the assaults uncover more contempt for Western culture and prejudice towards other religion than any such strict lecturing. Additionally misinterpretations of Islam, especially the word jihad have been the main driver of fear based oppression. The Islamic fear mongers and radicals have lectured bogus strict convictions to catch youthful personalities. This has been demonstrated by the audit of writing of other examination fills in just as proper discoveries and investigation. The force of fear mongering has ascended to such a level, that it has become a worldwide issue. The Western nations like United States have been the significant survivors of such assaults. A huge number of individuals lost their lives in the 9/11 dread assaults. The executioners have been Islamic fear based oppressor who have made it a strict issue. They follow activist Islam which has a ton of deviations from the first lessons of Islam. Islam has expected a savage picture because of such fear mongers which isn't generally the situation. Plainly the Islamic fear based oppressors have endlessly misjudged the religion contributing towards its brutal picture (Emerson). Islam has consistently shown support of harmony. Be that as it may, some corrupt strict devotees have been forming the religion with regards to their longing and giving exercises of viciousness to a huge number of Muslims. That is the reason it has been seen that Islamic countries don't give opportunity of religion to its kin (Richardson, Foreword). Regardless of whether the violenc

Elements Of Music Sonata Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Elementss Of Music: Sonata Essay, Research Paper The Sonata Christian Corah 10/6/96 In the late 1700 # 8217 ; s and mid 1800 # 8217 ; s the Baroque time frame offered way to the old style age, introducing numerous radical new logical finds and speculations. This definitely changed the people groups cultural positions and welcomed on the # 8220 ; period of edification. # 8221 ; With this change in cultural regulation came adjustments in melodic inclinations. One of the vast majority of import new propensities of the clasp was an increasingly regular use of the sonata. During the Classical age, the sonata advanced into an increasingly confined capacity, and in making along these lines, exemplified the new way of melodic signifier for the clasp. The sonata began in Italy and a little bit at a time picked up prominence over the rest of Europe. During the Baroque time frame the sonata was made out of a few move movements, by the by, in the Classical age it changed to a quick moderate way movement, with each movement made in one out of four signifiers mainstream during the Classical time frame. These signifiers comprised of sonata-allegro, rondeau, treble, and subject and variances. Through history numerous highlights of the sonata have stayed unaltered ; # 8220 ; most sonatas have been instrumental music, without voice parts, outright music without plan ; show or divisional music, without cultural guide ; solo or ambiance music for one to four members, without or various open introduction of the parts ; cyclic music, in two to four movements rather than one ; and approximately considered music, displaying the absolute generally drawn-out structures of total music # 8221 ; ( Newman 479 ) . The sonata was played by, and composed for, recreational instrumentalists who # 8220 ; rehearsed and performed for amiable society in the solace of their ain spots # 8221 ; ( Wright 196 ) . The sonata is a sort of orchestral compositions, that picked up prevalence during the old style age. Sonata interprets as, # 8220 ; something played # 8221 ; instead of it close to cousin, the oratorio , which implies # 8220 ; something Sung # 8221 ; . It was other than during this clasp the console sonata advanced from cembalo and clavichord and in the end, to the piano ( Newman 485 ) . During 1830s the prominence of delicate music expanded definitely. This was on the grounds that the Industrial Revolution permitted piano creators to created strategies for building a lot more pianos at lower costs. Pianos were not, at this point so costly that possession was held altogether for the well off. Center classification could other than have them and do music at place enormously spread excursion the melodic crowd. The sonata was as yet utilized at court and to a lesser degree in the congregation. These areas are essentially because of the Baroque age, all things considered, during the Classical time frame the sonata took on unmistakably various maps. The sonata was a, # 8221 ; diversion of the beginner or amateur, a starting vehicle for the expert author and performing craftsman, an arr angement asset for the understudy ; a periodic point in private and open shows ; and a customary music accessory in the congregation # 8221 ; ( Newman 486 ) . The sonata was on a very basic level utilized during minimal cultural collections, or as melodic arrangement. Another, and likely a large portion of import guide of the sonata was as way for arrangers to go known. # 8220 ; Every instrumentalist who tried to fall in the organization of authors working for people in general all things considered started his calling with console composings, viz. with solo sonatas # 8221 ; ( Newman 487 ) . The main writers to fundamentally advancement the sonata during the Classical age were Haydn and Mozart. Little is thought about Haydn # 8217 ; s piano sonatas, despite the fact that his piano sonatas and stringing fours stand separated from a large portion of his different composings. Haydn # 8217 ; s beginning plants for the console are suggestive of the sonata and planned as an instructional help ( Larson 336 ) . Following these, he created 14 sonatas. It is obscure who the sonatas were composed for. They are hard pieces to play and uncover scarcely any Baroque concerto highlights. Be that as it may, they do show # 8220 ; Haydn # 8217 ; s inventiveness and independency of way # 8221 ; ( Larson 336 ) . Mozart was one of the sonata # 8217 ; s first extraordinary writers, making short console composings while still a juvenile child. These composings are # 8220 ; marginally mechanical in their surfaces ( with overwhelming trust on back to back structures ; much here appears to represent the mindful male youngster # 8217 ; s geographic endeavor of symphonious and textural potential outcomes # 8221 ; ( Plath 687 ) . As the notoriety of sonata # 8217 ; s developed, even authors in London started to create pieces in sonata signifier. The sonatas which were written in London divide a significant number of similar highlights and advancements uncovering a, # 8220 ; solitary valuation for the standards of J.S. Bach # 8217 ; s musical way # 8221 ; ( Plath 687 ) . Mozart other than made a make sense of sonatas for utilization in chapel which were composed for three part strings with the organ proceed. At first these pieces were truly short, by the by, his last church sonatas had bigger symphoni c help. While populating in Vienna, Mozart made some out of his most prominent piano sonatas, which imparted a few highlights to those formed by Bach. Mozart proceeded to make more sonatas while out traveling to Mannheim and Paris. He made piano sonatas for the Cannabich # 8217 ; s young lady Rosa. Mozart noticed that he planned the Andante to picture her. In this forming the differentiations in kineticss, and a sense # 8220 ; expressive affection # 8221 ; are unmistakably detectable ( Plath 697 ) . While Mozart was in Paris, he made six all the more piano and fiddle sonatas. These composings mirror the neighborhood way of the clasp. Mozart made just one piece in E minor, # 8220 ; with its mated surfaces and faltering meditative mode stand foring a vast expanse of fragile esthesia, its thinking minuet in standard ticular, a rondeau or a rich, hapless tune of a Gallic players with a delicate second scene in E significant providing symphonious balm† ( Plath 697 ) . Mozart’s last sonatas are believed to be created for the Prussian princess somewhere in the range of 1789 and 1791, in any case, reality stays obscure. Another arranger who contributed in building up the sonata was Muzio Clementi. Clementi was an acclaimed arranger known for his numerous console pieces. His sonatas picked up prevalence because of his regular open shows. Clementi # 8217 ; s composings comprised essentially of sonatas and console pieces which expanded # 8220 ; from the least complex dandy making to the logical energy of the sentimental piano music # 8221 ; ( Plantinga 487 ) . Clementi # 8217 ; s prior sonatas contain extraordinary kineticss and tunes with wide runing notes ( Plantinga, 462 ) . These components are other than normal for those in Beethoven # 8217 ; s early composings a decennary in this way. Other than found in Clementi # 8217 ; s works is # 8220 ; a suffering extravagant for firm antithesis, for two bit running figurations, and for grouped sorts of consummate progress work # 8221 ; ( Plantinga 487 ) . These sonatas show Clementi # 8217 ; s order of the procedures utilized in the sonata. They other than show movements which exhibit stable development. The movements show advancements in auxiliary solidarity and a fruitful mixing of the assorted procedures utilized in old sonatas ( Plantinga 487 ) . Clementi # 8217 ; s along these lines sonatas are eminence for their advancement, exploratory signifier, and hugeness. In 1802, Clementi distributed three enormous scope sonatas. # 8220 ; They are actually requesting and exploratory in signifier. Every one of the three of these sonatas are quite long ; all show different subjects and drawn-out stretches of progress work only dubiously identified with those subjects, making an outcome of prolixness new to Clementi # 8217 ; s music # 8221 ; ( Plantinga 488 ) . In his ulterior mature ages of sythesis, Clementi earned a notoriety that laid about totally on his capacity to create for the piano. He was even alluded to as the, # 8220 ; male parent of the strength piano sonata # 8221 ; ( Plantinga 489 ) . It has taken clasp for cognizance of Cle menti # 8217 ; s part to the advancement of the sonata to be perceived. Acknowledgment of the impact Clementi had on other extraordinary authors of the sonata, for example, Beethoven, has expanded all through music history. Haydn, Mozart, and Clementi set the stage for one of the best maestro authors, Ludwig new wave Beethoven, who other than contributed endlessly to the advancement of the piano sonata. From the get-go in his life he built up himself as an incredible piano player and author for the piano. During this clasp Beethoven delivered one of his most renowned plants, the Sonata Pathetique. Sonata Pathetique had, # 8220 ; a specific objective and creative quality # 8221 ; ( Kerman 379 ) . During this clasp Beethoven made sonatas in four movements then again of three. His ulterior plants, for example, the Piano Sonates in E Minor, joined another quality of recognition and humility ( Kerman 385 ) . A turning inclusion in like manner individuals music constrained Beethoven to lo ok for another and progressively complex way use for the sonata ( Kerman 385 ) . This new association procured by Beethoven brought about another level of improvement for the sonata. Through his utilization of another kind of vacillation, Beethoven indicated that the various parts express a more prominent independence and an entirely changed situation of the first subject. # 8220 ; The subject appears to be changed or examined to its basicss, rather than essentially differed # 8221 ; ( Kerman 385 ) . Beethoven # 8217 ; s last extraordinary sonata was the Sonata in B Flat, other than known as The Hammerklavier. Composed from 1817 to 1818, it other than spoke to a monstrous purpose of adjustment in Beethoven # 8217 ; s way. # 8220 ; The Hammerklavier parad

Side Project Minimalism Life

Side Project Minimalism Life A few years ago, we launched a side project called Minimalism Life. Alongside our friends from Minimalissimo and 5 Style, we’re curating the best of minimalism in design, travel, and well-being. Over the last few months, we’ve been working on Minimalism Lifes new website design, now we’re ready to share its fresh interface with you. We wanted the new site to breatheâ€"to be calm, clear, and focused on what it offers readers. We went for a lot of white space and an intuitive navigation, without any intrusive features. Nothing is hidden because there’s nothing to hide. The new site has three main functions: To share our community journal articles To offer downloads of inspirational wallpapers To allow readers to subscribe to our Inside Minimalism letters We hope you enjoy the new site as much as we do. If you like beautiful photos and quotes, consider following Minimalism Life on Instagram and Twitter. Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

The Military Manipulated The Media During The First Gulf War

The aim of this investigation is to determine to what extent the US military manipulated the media during the First Gulf War. Therefore my research question is to what extent was media coverage of the First Gulf War manipulated by the United States government. In order to obtain an appropriate analysis of this topic several different sources will be consulted throughout this investigation. Those include, archived books, news reports, interviews, photos and websites. I will now analyse 2 of the sources that I will use in the investigation â€Å"For example the U.S Government exhibited great skill in shaping media coverage during the Gulf War. It used several means to do so. Reporters were restricted to the pool system meaning the government choose which reporters and news organizations had access to battlefield coverage. The government escorted the media to sites of the governments choosing and even then the media had to submit their reports to government censorship. Most of the media spent most of the Gulf War in hotel rooms in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia reporting on government press-briefings, and rebroadcasting and rebroadcasting the Pentagon’s footage of perfect bombing runs and surgical air strikes. The media had no independent ability to confirm or deny these rosy pictures and reports and no ability to track down stories the government did not want shown, such as those about Iraqi casualties, civilians dead or injured, missed bombs, or failing to strike Saddam Hussein.†Show MoreRelatedThe War On Terrorism And Terrorism1614 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind each of these geopolitical events. The point is that Islam has been consistently portrayed by global media as a violent-prone religion that is diametrically opposed to the West. Since then so-called â€Å"War on Terrorism, â€Å"against a vague and undefined enemy, rages on in from Iraq to Syria. Since September 11, 2001, the United States has initiated a number of wars in Muslim countries. 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Bush manipulated the support of the nation forRead More Protecting Ourselves from Media Manipu lation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source5213 Words   |  21 PagesProtecting Ourselves from Media Manipulation: The Use of Alternative Media as an Information Source As far as one can recall the media has had a large influence over our perceptions of the world and the society in which we live. Why is it that we blindly seem to believe whatever we hear on the radio, see on the television, read in newspapers and more currently on the internet? The mass media has acquired a great control over the perceptions of how we interpret the world around us, it is onlyRead MoreVietnam And Its Effects On The United States2116 Words   |  9 PagesVietnam was originally a French colony located in Indochina. After the end of the First Indochina War when the French were defeated by the Vietnamese in 1954, the French persisted to obtain their freedom. 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In order to make the conflict easier for the public to understand, the war was simplified into a battle for humanity and a fight betweenRead MoreA Critical Review of â€Å"the Ambiguities of Football, Politics, Culture, and Social Transformation in Latin America† by Tamir Bar-on.14147 Words   |  57 Pagesgiven to females. As powerful as the sport is in Latin America and Europe, its power is exclusively bigoted towards the women, who take the sport just as seriously as the men, but r arely, if ever, get the kind of representation men receive in the media industry. They also get no political influence and little national recognition. Defence: The problem is worth researching for several reasons. Although soccer is the central sport discussed in Bar-On’s research, the gender issue is the same for

Social Psychology Paper - 1985 Words

Social Psychology Definition Paper Sundra Daniels Psy 400 August 29, 2011 Matt Diggs Social Psychology Definition Paper Social psychology is a study of science related to astronomy, biology, sociology, and psychology. According to the book, social psychology is a science that studies the influence of situations with special attention to how one view and affects one another (Myers, 2010). With only the connecting approach of social interplay, social psychology uses a no man’s land at some place between sociology, physiology, psychology, and evolutionary belief in the crude area of the social sciences (Harold, 2000). Biology suggests the foundation of natural choices and adaptation as resourceful examples for all things from putting†¦show more content†¦At the persistence of his students in America, four months later, the United States department of state made plans for his discharge and send him back to America in 1944. When Muzafer Sherif came back to America, he went to live as a quest in the Blair House in Washington D.C. before proceeding to Princeton as a Fellow of the United Stat es Department. Sherif met Carolyn Wood and later united with her in holy matrimony in 1945 (Kinsman, 1975; Harvey, 1989). During his field of work at different universities and establishments, he was employed in many capacities; to assistant professor of psychology to the most recognized Senior Social Psychologist Award from the Society for the Study of Experimental Social Psychology in 1978. Sherif was the first person to obtain the Cooley Mead Reward for offerings to Social Psychology from American Sociology Society (Kinsman, 1975; Harvey 1989). Muzafer Sherif publishing totaled 24 handbooks and 60 articles. A great deal of Mazafer Study was concurrently administered with his Carolyn, his wife. Realistic conflict theory: Mufafer Sherf’s analysis of science collected from previous works like: Einstein’s and Infields’ The Evolution of Physic written 1942. Despite that probabilistic reasoning influenced Sherif, he infrequently found time to administer analytical test to his information because the information to be extremely conclusive beyond analytical finding (Koslin,Show MoreRelatedSocial Psychology Paper624 Words   |  3 PagesGrading Guide Social Psychology Paper This assignment is due in Week Nine. |Content |Points Earned | |60 Percent |X/5 | |Lists the factors that contributed towards Sarah’s attitude regarding her curfew and how did |Comments: Read MoreSocial Psychology Paper Scenario – PSY120916 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Social Psychology Paper Scenario - PSY120 â€Å"Social influence effects of the presence of others in the way people think, feel, and behave† (Kowalski Westen, 2005). 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Terrorism In The Olympics Essay - 1139 Words

Terrorism and Security in the Olympics Security is a fundamental notion in sports. Nowadays athletes are viewed often through the media, therefore they are recognizable. In the Olympics security measures must be taken to protect the athletes. There are many different nationalities involved therefore security has to be taken in order to ensure that there aren’t conflicting views that could possibly be damaging towards another team. But quite often it cannot be prevented. On the morning of September 5, 1972, the members of the Israeli delegation awoke in their quarters in the Olympic village to the desperate cries of wrestling referee Joseph Gottfreund. Eight Arab commandos (from the Palestinian terrorist organization Black September)†¦show more content†¦A new plan was put into effect. West German officials started to focus their time on getting the Arabs and their hostages out of the Olympic Village. This would allow German sharpshooters to put some control over the commandos. This seemed like a better alternative a pose to storming the compound and dangering the lives of the Israeli hostages and other athletes. Negotiations lasted until shortly after 9:00 p.m. The West Germans has successfully persuaded the Arab commandos to leave the compound with their hostages. The commandos agreed to leave on a flight to an Arab country together with their hostages. They made their was towards the Furstenfeldbruck military airport, a fifteen mile trek away from Munich. The Arab commandos anticipated that something could threaten their plans. In order to control their hostages they split them up into two groups and tied and blindfolded them. They were also aware of two potential traps the West Germans had set for them. The sharpshooters were placed along the path the Arab commandos had to walk their hostage’s two helicopters that had flown them from Munich to a waiting jet. 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Meaning Purpose of Taxation and Impacts on the Australian tax †Free S

Question: Discuss about the Meaning and Purpose of Taxation and Impacts on the Australian tax. Answer: Meaning and purpose of taxation Taxation is referred to coercive or compulsory collection of money by the levying authority. The government regulatory authorities impose a tax on the income of individuals or companies. The government uses the taxation to discourage or encourage economic decisions. The taxation term is applied to all involuntary levies. Taxation is different from other forms of payments such as the market exchanges (Avi-Yonah, 2007). The government induces taxation through the explicit or implicit threat of force. The tax system and process are different in different countries. Taxation in the modern system occurs on both the physical assets such as specific events and property. The formulation of the tax rules and regulations is of the most contentious and critical issue in the modern politics. The primary purpose of the taxation is to enable the government to collect funds and use the resources for the welfare of the public. The government uses the tax funds to support the expenses relates to tech nology and building infrastructure, public safety, military programs, education and environmental protection. Local, state and national governments collect the tax amounts to stabilize the economy of the country. The collection of the tax revenues ensures that the government has enough to meet the needs and provide protection to the citizens. The other main objective of taxation is an equal distribution of the wealth among the citizens. The tax funds are also used to support the regulatory bodies, build defenses and raise armies. The proponents of taxation progressive levels on the high-income groups argue that tax encourages equitable society. The tax on specific goods and services such as gasoline or tobacco have been justified as the limiting on consumptions. Smart autonomous robot As per the Paragraph 1 of the Australian Taxation law, the motion of the resolution is depicted to be suggesting that the smart autonomous robots are conducted by showing the appropriate subcategories which are being considered as the form of the intelligence reports. It is depicted to be showing the acquiring of the autonomy by the help of the sensors, and also the engaging of the connectivity is being determined by showing the appropriate construction of the trades and the analysis of the types are being considered in the form of the data (Cockfield, 2016). It is also identified as the self-learning which is showing to be illustrating the enhancement of the work and also the explanation of the work. It also explains the appropriate way by showing the illustrations of the work which is being made by showing the enhancement of the work and also the explanation of the work is being made by showing the explanation. The adaptations made regarding the behavior are showing the various act ions regarding the environment of the study. It also explains the structure which is showing the enhancement of the study and also the common definition as explained in this case is depicted to be illustrating that the robots are not any real consensus (Engdahl, 2011). The terminological definition can be easily provided by illustrating the explanation of the subject which is being used for showing the explanations of the ability which is being defined as the structure of the work. The considerations are provided by showing the complex notions which are being used for showing the explanation of the study which is depicted to be showing the operational autonomy. Thus the complex notions can be easily defined by the Recital R in the motion of the resolution as undertaken in this study (Woellner, Barkoczy, Murphy, Evans, Pinto, 2016). Impacts on the Australian tax base The advent of advanced technologies has brought significant changes in the business world it revolutionized the business world by providing substantial facilities that improve the efficiency and accuracy of the core operational activities of the business organizations. Moreover, as the technological advancement provides significant advantages to the business communities, the entire business organizations are installing these technologies within their organization in order take the opportunities and advantages given by the advanced technologies (Barker, 2007). In this matter, the latest computer technologies, the internet, along with information and communication technologies are most important as these provide significant contribution to improve the efficiency of the business as well as provide substantial advantages to the business organization. It leads the automation of the industry sectors as well as in this context the advent of robotics technologies plays vital role it helps in automating the operational activities of the business organization. The entire sectors are taking the advantages of the automation and the advanced technologies, but the manufacturing sectors especially apply these technologies in order to improve the efficiency of the business. The advanced technologies especially the robots help in improving the efficiency of the manufacturing sectors as it helps in improving the production of the business organization. The use of robot along with other business automation processes improve the efficiency of the operational activities of the business organization, and it has dropped significant impact on the production of the business organization as well as the whole process of the business organization. Therefore, with the help of the robots as the efficiency of the business organization improved thus, the productivity of the business organization is also improved and so as the profitability of the business is also improved (Krever, 2007). As a result, the sustainability quotient of the business organization is also improved with improved profitability. In this context, all the business organization is intended to deploy an effective robot within the organization that can perform more jobs at a time with required efficiency and accuracy instead of recruiting human employees. Hence, the requirements of the human employees are gradually reducing, and the managements of the business organizations are trying to deploy robots instead of human employees. It has brought significant impact on the society various systems of the government as well as society are also affected considerably. Furthermore, it has brought significant risk to the workforces across the countries (Von Glahn, Taulbee, 2017). The developed countries have felt more impact of the robotics and the advanced technologies. Moreover, as per the CSIRO reports, it is predicted that at least 50% of the Australian workforces are at risk due to the computerization plus automation. In this context, various systems of the government will feel the impact of this computerization as well as automation of the business world. Furthermore, the taxation system of the government, which is one of the most important systems will feel the impact even more. The reason behind this is that the robots are getting the jobs the human employees used to do. The human worker, currently placed in the post of proposed robots earn income from his/her activity within the business organization. Moreover, he/she pay tax on the income he/she earned from the job as income tax, which one of the important tax and significant tax resources for government fund. Apart from the income tax, the individual workers pay social security tax as well as other levies as per the rules and regulation prescribed by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO). In the case of the robotics and automation, the government may miss the taxation payments so huge amount of taxation wealth will be reduced.In order to redu ce the impact of robotics and automation, the government should impose the tax on the robots as the government taxed on the human workers. Tax on autonomous robotic workforce The smart autonomous robotic workforce should be taxed, and the companies that are using the technology should pay the tax on the income generated with the help of the robots. For example, if the workers do $100000 of work in a company that income is taxed and if the robots carry out the same thing, then they should be taxed at the similar level. Thus, it can be stated that if the robots carry out the same work, then the government should tax the robots at the similar level. The companies would be responsible for paying the tax on behalf of the robots. According to Bill Gates, the tax revenue will come from the companies that are using the robots and not employing human workers (Fahimi, 2010). The tax can be levied against the companies that the develop the robots. He has also stated that the tax revenue can be used to help the people who have lost their jobs due to the increase in the use of the autonomous robotic workforce. The companies are generating income and profits from the u se of the robots, and they should pay the tax. If the companies will not pay tax, then there would be an unequal distribution of income and increase in unemployment. The tax revenue will be used for helping the people who need help. The government of Australia should impose a tax on the companies that are using robots and developing the machines for their own purpose. The people in the country will lose their jobs if the companies use the machines as well as they will not pay tax for the welfare of the people. The consequence will be negative as the companies will carry out their jobs for their own benefit. The autonomous robotic workforce can work 24*7 that will increase the profitability of the company (Macintosh, 2011). The co-founder of the Microsoft is saying that the resources and the labors must be replaced by the automated machines which are depicted to be redirected towards the framing of the work which is being used for showing that the essentiality is being made by showing the redirections of the roles. The enhancement of the taxation system is being implemented for the purpose of showing the enhancement of the taxation system by increasing the flow of the work (Gifford, 2013). The advantages though can be easily gained, but still, the structure is depicted to be showing the enhancement of the structure of the study as it is being illustrated in this case. The companies that are involved in the formation of the structure is determining the appropriate purpose of describing the increment of the income for the various companies. But the studying of taxation system is showing the appropriate illustration of the robotic workforces that suits the best levels of the organization, and also it enabl es the establishment of the appropriate structure for showing that the income tax must be collected from the work made by the robots (Hockett, 2009). The adjustments are made by the Bill Gates by the declarations made that the income made from the robots will be taxed and also the distribution of the tax will be made on the average income made from the robot on the monthly basis. This will also show the efficient taxation system which will be ever implemented on the terms of the goods and the services. It can be easily taxed by showing the appropriate taxation system which must be appropriately involved by showing the enhancement of the study in a unique way and also is enabled to define the values that are requisite for the enhancement of the study. This simply is explaining the appropriate structure of the robots in an appropriate way which will show the appropriate formation of the taxation in the form of the goods and the services which will be provided by the robots. This will enable the companies to show the growth in the country and also will be enabled to define the appropriate characteristics as undertaken for determining the case. This the human empathy is being determined by showing the formation of the taxation system as launched in this system and also the unique characteristics can be implemented in the form of the taxation system as defined by the Bill Gates (Woellner, 2007). Bill Gates also believe that the best solution to the issue is to make the autonomous robots to pay their shares. The economy should depend on the workers that will contribute to the healthy economy and development of the people (Oppenheim, Jennings, Watts, 2008). The tax treatments should be based on the income generated by the companies and need of the people in the economy. The tax revenue will be used for providing special assistance and care to the children and elderly people (Shaw, 2003). The companies that are using robots and developing robots will pay the tax on the basis of the profit generated by the company from the utilizing of the autonomous robotic workforce. It has also been stated by Bill Gates that will not hamper the innovation. The government should implement rules and regulations for imposing a tax on the companies. The regulatory bodies should be responsible for imposing tax on the autonomous robotic workforce. Many regulatory authorities have rejected the tax on the company with the view that it will impose a negative impact on employment and competitiveness. Depreciation Depreciation is the accounting method to allocate the cost of the assets over the useful life. The organizations depreciate the long-term assets for accounting and tax purposes. The depreciation shows the exact value of the assets that are used over time (Woellner, 2005). Purchasing cost of the robotic machine= $500,000 Market value = $300000 Depreciable amount of the robotic machine= $500,000 - $300000 = $200,000 Depreciation expense = $200,000/8 = $25000 The depreciation expense of the robotic machine has been calculated by using the prime cost method. The prime cost method assumes that the value of the depreciating asset diminishes uniformly over the effective life. The purchasing prices, market value and useful life have been given for the machine (Woellner, 2013). The depreciation expense of the machine is $25000. References Avi-Yonah, R. (2007).International tax as international law. New York: Cambridge University Press. Barker, D. (2007).Essential Australian law. Abingdon [u.a.]: Routledge/Cavendish. Cockfield, A. (2016).Globalization and Its Tax Discontents. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Engdahl, S. (2011).Taxation. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Fahimi, F. (2010).Autonomous robots. New York: Springer. Gifford, C. (2013).Technology. New York: Scholastic. Hockett, R. (2009).Law(1st ed.). Chicago: Chicago Review Press. Krever, R. (2007).Australian taxation law cases 2007. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Lawbook. Macintosh, C. (2011).Technology. Port Melbourne, Vic.: Pearson Australia. Oppenheim, L., Jennings, R., Watts, A. (2008).Oppenheim's international law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Shaw, M. (2003).International law. Cambridge, UK [etc.]: Cambridge University Press. Von Glahn, G., Taulbee, J. (2017).Law among nations. New York: Routledge. Woellner, R. (2005).Australian taxation law 2006. Sydney, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Woellner, R. (2013).Australian taxation law 2012. North Ryde [N.S.W.]: CCH Australia. Woellner, R. (2007).2007 Australian taxation law. North Ryde, N.S.W.: CCH Australia. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C., Pinto, D. (2016).Australian Taxation Law 2016. Melbourne, Vic.: Oxford University Press.

Sonnet 18 Essays (854 words) - Sonnet 18, Sonnet 1, Couplet

Sonnet 18 This sonnet is by far one of the most interesting poems in the book. Of Shakespeare's sonnets in the text, this is one of the most moving lyric poems that I have ever read. There is great use of imagery within the sonnet. This is not to say that the rest of the poems in the book were not good, but this to me was the best, most interesting, and most beautiful of them. It is mainly due to the simplicity and loveliness of the poem's praise of the beloved woman that it has guaranteed its place in my mind, and heart.The speaker of the poem opens with a question that is addressed to the beloved, "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" This question is comparing her to the summer time of the year. It is during this time when the flowers are blooming, trees are full of leaves, the weather is warm, and it is generally thought of as an enjoyable time during the year. The following eleven lines in the poem are also dedicated to similar comparisons between the beloved and summer days. In lines 2 and 3, the speaker explains what mainly separates the young woman from the summer's day: she is "more lovely and more temperate." (Line 2) Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are sometimes shaken by "rough winds" (line3) which happens and is not always as welcoming as the woman. However in line 4, the speaker gives the feeling again that the summer months are often to short by saying, "And summer's lease hath too short a date." In the summer days, the sun, "the eye of heaven" (line 5), often shines "too hot," or too dim, "his gold complexion dimmed" (line 6), that is there are many hot days during the summer but soon the sun begins to set earlier at night because autumn is approaching. Summer is moving along too quickly for the speaker, its time here needs to be longer, and it also means that the chilling of autumn is coming upon us because the flowers will soon be withering, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." (Line 7) The final portion of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in various respects. Her beauty will be one that lasts forever, "Thy eternal summer shall not fade." (Line 9), and never end or die. In the couplet at the bottom, the speaker explains how that the beloved's beauty will accomplish this everlasting life unlike a summer. And it is because her beauty is kept alive in this poem, which will last forever. It will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see." (Line 13)On the surface, the poem is on the surface simply a statement of praise about the beauty of the beloved woman and perhaps summer to the speaker is sometimes too unpleasant with the extremes of windiness and heat that go along with it. However, the beloved in the poem is always mild and temperate by her nature and nothing at all like the summer. It is incidentally brought to life as being described as the "eye of heaven" with its "gold complexion". The imagery throughout the sonnet is simple and attainable to the reader, which is a key factor in understanding the poem. Then the speaker begins to describe the summer again with the "darling buds of May" giving way to the " summer's lease", springtime moving into the warmth of the summer. The speaker then starts to promise to talk about this beloved, that is so great and awing that she is to live forever in this sonnet. The beloved is so great that the speaker will even go as far as to say that, "So long as men breathe, or eyes can see," the woman will live. The language is almost too simple when comparing it to the rest of Shakespeare's sonnets; it is not heavy with alliteration or verse, and nearly every line is its own self-contained clause, almost every line ends with some punctuation that effects a pause. But it is this that makes Sonnet18 stand out for the rest in the book. It is much more attainable to understand and it allows for the reader to fully understand how great this beloved truly is because she may live forever in it. An important theme of the sonnet, as it is an important theme throughout much of the poetry in general, is the power of the speaker's poem to defy

Phase 5 IP Essay Example

Phase 5 IP Essay Example Phase 5 IP Essay Phase 5 IP Essay International business Name: Course: Institution: Lecturer: Date: International business The Multinational Company requesting for financial assistance is located in Washington D.C. The plant to be financed is in Mexico. The basic things to consider are the amount of money needed and the security of investing in that plant. Other factors to consider are those influenced by investing abroad. Among them is foreign risk. These are the risks the challenges faced by investors when exchange rates fluctuate. It mostly affects those countries that are involved in exports. If a company is making trades abroad, it will realize that the profits change according to the exchange rates. The most important thing to do when dealing with this problem is to study the exchange rate of the trading country. If a country’s economy is stable, the currency will also be steady. In case of any negative fluctuations, the investor should calculate what cost it will incur (Shamah, 2003). Another important factor to consider is how to hedge foreign exchange. This has to be done because it protects the company from foreign risks. There are three ways of hedging. They include, using forwards, options and futures. When using forwards, an agreement is made between two parties to use a fixed rate. This becomes convenient because in case there will be any unforeseen fluctuations, the company exporting will not be affected. However, this measure can only be used up to bearable extents. If the currency would change with such significance difference, there will be negotiations. Hedging with futures was introduced to close the gap left by forwards. It is an agreement between the buyer and seller. They agree on trading a currency in the future, at a certain fixed price. Weisweiller adds that (2009) it is very similar to the forward contract, but this one is more liquid than forward. The futures have standard contracts hence, traded like the shares. Futures are bought if the risk is about appreciation of value. If the value has depreciated, then they should be sold. A company can find it most convenient to use options for hedging. Options are not abiding because the buyer can decide to buy or sell a certain currency at a given exchange rate at a specific date or before that. There are two types of options namely call and put. Call options facilitate the buyer with the right to buy a given currency at a specific exchange rate, at a certain day or before. Put options make provision for buyers to sell a certain currency at a given exchange rate and time. Depending on the nature of the company, it should choose the best way to hedge foreign risks (Wang, 2009). There is need to consider the foreign exchange instruments that will be used. They are important because they assist in curbing foreign risks. If a certain currency is experiencing any problems, this can be avoided by using a foreign exchange instrument. The most common instrument is spot. It is the exchange of one currency to another, at a settled rate. This should be done within two days of working. Spot makes provision for two alternatives only (Weisweiller, 2009). The first one is value today, and it allows settlement on the same day of trading. The second alternative is called value tomorrow. The settlement can be done one day after the trading day. Futures, forwards and options are used for hedging but can also be instruments as well. This is because foreign exchange instruments have similar duties to those of hedging. There are certain government rules and regulation that the multinational company will have to consider. The main one is paying revenue to the authorities. The revenues involved are all types of taxes that the government has imposed. Evading these revenues is a punishable crime, so they need to find out all the taxes they require paying. Some types of taxes are sales tax and the tax imposed on export goods. The multinational company should stay alert about elements like inflation and the rates of interests. These two have a significant effect on foreign exchange (Shamah, 2003). Inflation is a decrease in the value of money when purchasing, which is accompanied by an overall increase in prices of commodities. This means that when there is inflation, the currency depreciates and the company has to pay more money. Inflation will lead to increase in interest rates, which will affect the exchange rates. This happens because rise in interest rates influences the demand and supply of currenc ies (Wang, 2009).

Supply Chain Mangagement Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Supply Chain Mangagement - Case Study Example Are all these SKUs necessary, profitable, and providing value to the company Many products may make good marketing sense, but Barilla's margins may be affected by the costs of the equally complex supply chain needed. b. Complacency of internal sales and marketing staff: If their reaction to JITD is any indication (p. 99-100), this may be most serious cause. Perhaps, they were just poorly managed because they did not buy the idea that a more efficient distribution system would result in higher sales and profits. Or worse, to satisfy unprofitable market demand and meet sales quotas, the sales team couldn't refuse requests of distributors and retailers even if the company's profitability suffered in the process. c. Old-fashioned distribution system: JITD was a partial solution superimposed on an existing distribution channel that proved non-scalable with sales volumes increases. JITD, by shifting control over buyer information from distributors to Barilla, marked a big difference in the dynamics of the supply chain to which existing players inside and outside the company found difficult to adjust. Poor planning and forecasting also shows how 'old-fashioned' (p. 96) is the distribution system that may have worked when sales volumes were still low and manageable. d. d. Poorly designed marketing incentive system: Marketing incentives should push the product and add predictability to market demand, but despite having a system in place every four weeks (p. 96-97), Barilla continued to experience variability in orders. Barilla has to address these underlying causes when implementing JITD that is, like all supply chain management systems, a support activity to major strategic decisions. 2. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of the JITD program. a. The JITD was designed to give the following benefits to Barilla and its distributors: i. Better service to the end-customer who will get the product when needed. ii. Barilla and distributors can build a stronger partnership because of the mutual dependence created. Properly managed, this is good for both. iii. More stable timing of orders, generated on a predefined basis, assures better product quality. iv. Distributors will experience lower stockout and inventory levels and improved fill rates from Barilla and to the end customer. This means lower planning and ordering costs, and higher profits, for distributors as these costs are shifted to the manufacturer. v. Distributors can provide better quality service to end customers. vi. Barilla will find forecasting easier, plan its incentives better, and improve its inventory and procurement plans. Product returns will be lower as only those that could be sold given the stable end-customer demand will be delivered. b. However, JITD also has some drawbacks: i. Every employee at Barilla and distributors must fully understand and accept the program. Total participation is needed so that this change to the way things are done can be properly managed. ii. Close coordination between Barilla and distributors is needed as regards trade promotions and the gain or loss of large

Choose from the list of topics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Choose from the list of topics - Essay Example Just because a behavior is unusual to some, does not make it unusual to others. For example, Catholics can choose to attend their religious services once a week, not at all or every day, depending on the neighborhood in which they leave. While it might seem unusual to some to want to go to church every day, are they hurting anyone? As a Muslim, I am required by my faith to pray five times a day. May I choose to pray more? Of course I may, but if I were to pull out my prayer mat and pray more than five times a day, I may be seen as unusual. That does not, however, mean that I need to be treated for a religious disorder, because I am not harming myself. I can also pray more than five times a day while conducting my daily life without much interruption. Since unusual religious behavior is a rather broad term, I have used rather broad examples above. However, there are religious behaviors that are not only unusual, but harmful to a person physically and mentally. In some religions, there is a consumption of alcohol. If a person felt that by drinking the alcohol that was served until it was gone, they would become closer to their God, then this is a behavior that would not only be considered unusual but also harmful. Alcohol poisoning, drunkenness, and other factors must be taken in play. Another example to consider is a person who feels that they cannot and should not leave their house of worship, for any reason. A person that feels that only within those walls were they safe from death, fear, destruction, sickness, or any other factors. This, clearly, is not only unusual harmful mentally but also impedes living of their daily life, and therefore, the root cause of this behavior must be treated psychologically so that this person may resume their daily life. Temptation is, by its very nature, all around us. Every day we face temptation in varying degrees. Evil is all around us, and tries to tempt us into making the wrong decision; by being strong, we avoid the evil actions. We cannot, however, avoid the evil or blasphemous thoughts, from wishing the person that just cut off our car on the freeway would crash to glancing twice at the person that looks just a little bit better-looking than our significant other. Normal religious behavior is to accept the guilt for these actions and ask for forgiveness, after which we are forgiven and can go on about our daily lives until the next temptation pops up in our face. A person that feels that they must pray for forgiveness, even out in public, for the transgressions that have occurred should not be considered unusual, as they are simply practicing their faith and quietly asking for forgiveness. However, if a person was praying constantly, excessively, refusing to stop and wracked with guilt over the slightest transgression, that would be both harmful to them as well as prohibit them from living their daily life. They should then be treated for a religious disorder. Along those same lines, if a person felt that they were doomed to hell, becoming depressed and despondent because of what they saw as the many numerous transgressions that they had committed, they should be treated for a religious disorder. They have become a danger to themselves, sinking into deep depression and unable to live their daily lives as they are constantly dwelling on these so-called transgressions and what they see as a need for forgiveness. Persons in this state

Problems facing the maxis bank

Problems facing the maxis bank We come into contact with organization from the cradle to the grave. Indeed, organization regulate and dictate so many aspect of people lives, giving many of people somewhere to work, entertaining them, when people are leisure and developing new product and services for their enjoyment. Basically, it is not the same case for Maxi Bank, which got 30 branches and was established for over forty years. Their new Administration and Project Manager John who actually replaced their current project manager, who has resigned, highlighted some serious organization problem such as communication problem among the staffs, because of the high turnover since last eight months. The worst and difficult issue that John discovered is the lack of motivation and the job dissatisfaction. Employers can be made aware of concerns in the workplace that would normally go unspoken. Many serious issues in the workplace do not get discussed because they may be uncomfortable or difficult. By increasing the communi cation channels among staffs for instance participation in the group meeting, avoid isolation, motivation and the job satisfaction concept within a company, John can more efficiently resolves concerns, lower the staffs turnover, increase employee satisfaction, find a way to solve Annies problem and more accurately assess issues and so on. Problems John the new Administration Department has noticed some of problems that Maxis Bank have, since he engaged in this company. Starting, with, the poor supervision in Maxis Bank. Supervision is an extremely vital part of a workplace that intends to maximize its success potential.   It naturally follows, then, that poor supervision in a workplace is among the primary obstacles to achieving potential successes by a business.  Louis V. Imundo 1993, p 55. For Maxi Bank, a quality supervisory team should be employed and trained to ensure the very finest results from their individual employee groups. These supervisors should have their own support system, and their importance should be made very clear, to ensure the highest degree of productivity. Or, if the supervisor is not present enough, or is too overbearing, then the reaction from employees will only be fear, resentment, and displeasure in their work Dick Grote 2006 p. 45. The productivity will not be as good, and the employee turno ver will increase. Often having few staffs in an organization, that came from different department such as the case study lead to poor communications among them and . As in any relationship, communication is the key to a strong business relationship. This can be the relationship between business and customer, or, equally as important, the internal relationships among different employees within the company. Communication can be improved in virtually every workplace, no matter the industry or size.   After all, it is the only way for information to effectively spread throughout the business so that everybody can be informed to the degree that they required to properly achieve their goals. Luthans1998 p.145   Another problem occurred in Maxis is there poor employee morale in the workplace. By facing this kind of problem, there is a high risk of employee burnout and overall dissatisfaction. The cause of the poor employee moral can be structured as first a negative event within the workplace, such as a firing, downsizing, or other dramatic and unwanted change , or arguments or other forms of tension among staff members or between staff and management. Overwork, or a consistently heavy workload. The feeling of unappreciated or underappreciated for the work done, the conditions of the workplace. The rigid supervision involved in the work being done, and unsupportive or weak supervision that does not offer enough input or guidance Bennett. R, 1997: p.119 This is an extremely expensive way to do business because it leads to poor productivity, isolation and increased absences from work. The high absenteeism in Maxis Bank led to the non submission of their tasks on time. Moreover, staffs in Maxis felt to be underworked, because according to Annie, she complained that her job is monotonous and repetitive.The staffs feel to be underworked for doing uncreative, and repetitive work, which always to high absenteeism and turnover as well Giddens.A, 1971 p.23. . And lastly, the absence of leadership in the Maxis Bank created an issue within the staffs. People want to be guided by those they respect and who have a clear sense of direction. This type of person leads by positive example and endeavors to foster a team environment in which all team members can reach their highest potential, both as team members and as people. They encourage the team to reach team goals as effectively as possible, while also working tirelessly to strengthen the bonds among the various members. Kouzes, Posner, Barry Z. (1987). Good leaders are made not born. If people have the desire and willpower, they can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience Burns, 2010, p. 43. Basically, John should hire a good, effective and trust leader who can lead the staffs in a good way for the benefit of the Maxis Bank Reason why problems occur? For most part of the twentieth century, managers realized that if their employees were satisfied with their jobs, then that satisfaction would translate to working hard. Therefore, happy workers are productive workers. It is true that in the case of Maxis, Annie was not productive, since she claimed that she attended few interviews with other bank. Organizations with more satisfied employees tend to be more effective than organizations with fewer satisfied employees. Dissatisfied employees are more likely to miss work. Although this is true, other factors also do play a role, for instance organizations that provide liberal sick leave benefits encourage all their employees to take sick days. Hence, satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover. Research also suggest that an important moderator of the satisfaction-turnover relationship is the employee`s level of performance. For better performing employees, the level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover. When employees are dissatisfied with their jobs, they`ll respond somehow. It is not easy to predict how exactly they`ll respond. One might quit, another might responds by doing personal work at the workplace, or may take leave and increase the absenteeism. Workers in any organization need something to keep them working. Most times the salary of the employee is enough to keep him or her working for an organization. However, sometimes just working for salary is not enough for employees to stay at an organization. An employee must be motivated to work for a company or organization. If no motivation is present in an employee, then that employees quality of work or all work in general will deteriorate Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, p. 341. Basically, staffs in Maxis Bank are unmotivated and dissatisfy that why critical issues in the Maxis arose. Alienation is one of the factor of unhappiness and isolation that workers in hardly feel when theirs works are not a relevant or important part of the workers lifes, that they do not really belong to the work to the work community health (Karl. M, 1971p.59). It is associated with feelings of discontent, isolation and futility. Alienation workers perceive themselves or powerless and dominated. Work is seen as unrevealed to real life; it becomes simply a means to achieve materials ends. Alienation has been observed most often on automated assembly lines where work is extremely repetitive and personal relations with others workers are difficult to establish. Great unhappiness can result from alienation; indeed, it can adversely offer the workers mental or physical health. In the case of Maxis, John found that each staff is working in isolation and difficult to establish a relation either professional or friendship with others. 2- Some theorists have defined and explained the concept of motivation as a process that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. Many contemporary authors have also defined the concept of motivation. It has been defined as: the psychological process that gives behavior purpose and direction Kreitner. R, 1995 p. 44; a predisposition to behave in a purposive manner to achieve specific, unmet needs Buford, Bedeian, Lindner, 1995, p. 56; an internal drive to satisfy an unsatisfied need Higgins, 1994, p. 78; and the will to achieve Bedeian, 1993, p. 675. Basically motivation is operationally defined as the inner force that drives individuals to accomplish personal and organizational goals. Why do we need motivated employees? The answer is survival (Smith, 1994). Motivated employees are needed in our rapidly changing workplaces. Motivated employees help organizations survive. Motivated employees are more productive. To be effective, managers need to understand what motivates employees within the context of the roles they perform Kovach, 1987, p.65. Of all the functions a manager performs, motivating employees is arguably the most complex. This is due, in part, to the fact that what motivates employees changes constantly Bowen , Radhakrishna, 1991, p. 62. For example, research suggests that as employees income increases, money becomes less of a motivator Kovach, 1987, p. 72. Also, as employees get older, interesting work becomes more of a motivator. Understanding what motivated employees and how they were motivated was the focus of many researchers following the publication of the Hawthorne Study results Terpstra, 1979,p. 98 The basis approaches that have led to our understanding of motivation are Maslows need-hierarchy theory, Vrooms expectancy theory, and Adams equity theory. According to Maslow, employees have five levels of needs (Maslow, 1943), physiological, safety, social, ego, and self- actualizing. Maslow argued that lower level needs had to be satisfied before the next higher level need would motivate employees. Herzbergs work categorized motivation into two factors: motivators and hygienes (Herzberg, Mausner, Snyderman, 1959, p. 125. Motivator or intrinsic factors, such as achievement and recognition, produce job satisfaction. Hygiene or extrinsic factors, such as pay and job security, produce job dissatisfaction. Vrooms theory is based on the belief that employee effort will lead to performance and performance will lead to rewards Vroom, 1964, p. 150. Rewards may be either positive or negative. The more positive the reward the more likely the employee will be highly motivated. Conversely, the more negative the reward the less likely the employee will be motivated. Adams theory states that employees strive for equity between themselves and other workers. Equity is achieved when the ratio of employee outcomes over inputs is equal to other employee outcomes over inputs Adams, 1965. p. 134 Basically, the best motivational theory that suits the Maxis Banks case is the reinforcement theory. This theory can be traced to the work of the pioneering behaviorist B.F. Skinner. It is considered a motivation theory as well as a learning theory. Reinforcement theory posits that motivated behavior occurs as a result of reinforces, which outcomes are resulting from the behavior that makes it more likely the behavior will occur again. This theory suggests that it is not necessary to study needs or cognitive processes to understand motivation, but that it is only necessary to examine the consequences of behavior.   In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards and/or punishments is used to reinforce desired behavior or extinguish unwanted behavior. Behavior that is reinforced is likely to continue, but behavior that is not rewarded or behavior that is punished is not likely to be repeated. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. 1953. The most important principle of reinforcement theory is, of course, reinforcement. Generally speaking, there are two types of reinforcement: positive and negative. Positive reinforcement results when the occurrence of a valued behavioral consequence has the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. The specific behavioral consequence is called a reinforcer Iwata, B. A. (1987, p. 67. An example of positive reinforcement might be a salesperson that applies extra effort to meet a sales quota (behavior) and is then rewarded with a bonus (positive reinforcer). The administration of the positive reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. In the case of Maxis Bank, according to Annie affirmation she refused to handle extra job other than her current job scope. If the positive reinforce come into it for instance rewarded her with a reward, she would not refused to handle extra job and the level of the motivation will rise automatically. Rewards can therefore assume a number of different forms, though there are two main forms:  extrinsic rewards, which take the form of cash payments and employment  benefits, like staff discounts,  occupational, pensions,  health insurance, and  company cars; and  intrinsic rewards  such as  job satisfaction, recognition, personal development, and the social status which may be attached to particular job roles. Negative reinforcement results when an undesirable behavioral consequence is withheld, with the effect of strengthening the probability of the behavior being repeated. Negative reinforcement is often confused with punishment, but they are not the same. Punishment attempts to decrease the probability of specific behaviors; negative reinforcement attempts to increase desired behavior. Thus, both positive and negative reinforcement have the effect of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be learned and repeated Iwata, B. A. 1987, p. 68. An example of negative reinforcement might be a salesperson that exerts effort to increase sales in his or her sales territory (behavior), which is followed by a decision not to reassign the salesperson to an undesirable sales route (negative reinforcer). The administration of the negative reinforcer should make it more likely that the salesperson will continue to exert the necessary effort in the future. Reinforcement theory suggests to managers that they can improve employees performance by a process of behavior modification in which they reinforce desired behaviors and punish undesired behavior .Moreover, for John case, reinforcement theory will be the best appropriate to motivate his 10 staffs, increase the desire behavior, or increase the probability of a behavior reoccurring. Consequently, both positive and negative reinforcement have the weight of increasing the probability that a particular behavior will be educated and repetitive. For instance, in Maxis Bank, both positive and negative reinforcement will have the effect of modified or punished the undesirables behavior of the staffs such as the absenteeism, the high turnover, the work isolation and increase the desirable behavior for instance handling extra job, attend all the interviews with the others banks, if bonus or rewards and maybe motivation words are applied. 3. Group dynamics  is the study of groups, and also a general term for group processes Ringer, T. M. 2002 p 172. Relevant to the fields of  psychology,  sociology, and  communication studies, a  group  is two or more individuals who are connected to each other by social relationships.  Because they interact and influence each other, groups develop a number of dynamic processes that separate them from a random collection of individuals. These processes include norms, roles, relations, development, need to belong, social influence, and effects on behavior. The field of group dynamics is primarily concerned with small group behavior. Bass, Bernard 1990, p. 31 A group comes together to focus on finding common solutions or building a final project to the organization. This can be very effective to the project or solution because individuals in different roles in the workplace, different backgrounds and different experiences have a variety of points of view that they are able to contribute (Dimock, H.G.1993). Working in groups is often more efficient and motivates group members to achieve more in a certain period of time as group members motivate others to do their best and people often feel the need to be competitive (CSU 2009). Bringing out the competitive nature in people focused toward a common goal can often be a very productive strategy. In the Maxis case, the organization got employees came from different departments, different roles lead different experiences, but the thing is there is not group team in Maxis Bank. Each employees work in isolation. Some staffs in Maxis Bank are very independent and prefer to work alone rather than in groups. They feel that their best work comes from completing projects individually. (Burgess H. 2007). Dealing effectively with groups of people is a skill that will serve us in all areas of our lives.   It can also be a challenge- because people as individuals tend to have their own ideas about how they relate to a group, and not all of these ideas work very well in practice.   Theres a profound difference between a set of individuals and a cohesive group, and weve all felt that difference- where a group is tightly related and conscious of itself, the group is vastly more capable than the sum of its parts.   Where individual members are unconscious to the needs of the group, often the group is weaker than the sum of the individual members capabilities. Skinner, B.F. Science and Human Behavior. New York: Macmillan, 1953. Iwata BA. Negative reinforcement in applied behavior analysis:, pp. 67 68 Buford, J. A., Jr., Bedeian, A. G., Lindner, J. R. (1995). Management in Extension (3rd ed.). Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Extension. p. 56 Terpstra, D. E. (1979). Theories of motivation: borrowing the best. p. 98 Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley. p. 150 Bennett. R, 1997: Organisational behaviour, 3rd edition, pp.119 Karl.M, 1967: The rise of the working class, p.59. Herzberg, F., Mausner, B. Snyderman, B.B. 1959, The Motivation to Work p. 341 Luthans1998: Organisation behaviour, 8th edition, p.145 .Discipline Without Punishment Dick Grote 2006 p.45 Leadership James MacGregor Burns, 2010, p. 43 Kreitner, R. (1995), Management, Sixth Edition, p. 44 Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company Higgins, J. M. (1994). The management challenge (2nd ed.). New York: Macmillan p. 78 Bedeian, A. G. (1993). Management (3rd ed.). New York: Dryden Press. p. 675 Kovach, K. A. (1987). What motivates employees? pp.65 72 Bowen, B. E., Radhakrishna, R. B. (1991). Job satisfaction p. 62 Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The motivation to work, p. 125 Adams, J. S. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology. p. 134 Effective Supervisors Louis V. Imundo 1993 p.55 Bass, Bernard (1989). StogdillsHYPERLINK http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/002901820X/bigdogsbowlofbis/ Handbook of Leadership: A Survey of Theory and Research. New York: Free Press. Bass, Bernard (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, p.31. Blake, Robert R. and Mouton, Janse S. (1985). The Managerial Grid III: The Key to Leadership Excellence. Houston: Gulf Publishing Co. Bolman, L. and Deal, T. (1991). Reframing Organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kouzes, James M. Posner, Barry Z. (1987). The Leadership Challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Lamb, L. F., McKee, K. B. (2004). Applied Public Relations: Cases in Stakeholder Management. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Routledge Bacon, S. B. (1988).  The effects of racially homogeneous and heterogeneous Outward Bound groups on the self-report survey scores and drop out rates of minority students. Greenwich, CT: Outward Bound USA. Ewert, A. (1992). Group development through experiential education: Does it happen?  Journal of Experiential Education,  15(2). Ewert, A., Heywood, J. (1991). Group development in the natural environment: Expectations, outcomes, and techniques.  Ã‚  Environment and Behavior,  23, 592-615. Ewert, A. McAvoy. L. (2000).  The effects of wilderness settings on organized groups: A state of knowledge paper. In D. N. Cole S. F. McCool (Eds.)  Proceedings: Wilderness science in a time of change  (pp. 13-26). Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Kerr, P. J., Gass, M. A. (1995). A group development model for adventure education. In K. Warren, M. Sakofs, J. S. Hunt (Eds.)  The theory of experiential education  (pp. 285-296). Boulder, CO: Association of Experiential Education Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (2001).  Adventure education and resilience: The double-edged HYPERLINK http://wilderdom.com/abstracts/NeillDias2001AdventureEducationResilienceDoubleEdgedSword.htmsword.Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning,  1(2), 35-42. Neill, J. T. (2002).  Social support helps people grow.  Horizons,  17(Spring), 32-34. Neill, J. T., Dias, K. L. (c.2001).  Challenge and support in Outward Bound: The double-edged sword.  Outward Bound International Newsletter,  10(1). Peak Experiences (n.d.).  Issues of importance in forming a team. Ringer, T. M. (2002).  Group action: The dynamics of groups in therapeutic, educational and corporate settings. p. 172

Leading Edge :: essays research papers fc

The Leading Edge Management in organizations today are trying to capture both quality and productivity (bottom line results) from their employees, and are spending millions of dollars in time, capital, and human resources. However, without the proper paradigm shift in leadership roles, which must include a new appreciation on the importance of principled centered leadership that recognizes that people are the highest value in any organization, the investment no matter how great will not accomplish their goals. Managers today have to become more effective in leading and managing their employees. They have to start with a new mind set, change their frame of reference, change how they see the world, how they think about people, and how they view management and leadership. This will bring about quantum improvements in their organization. (Covey) Today's authoritarian style puts managers at a higher level of importance than that of his employees, he makes the decision, gives the commands, and workers conf orm and cooperate, perform and contribute as requested to receive the rewards of pay and other benefits. When managers accept that the "old way" of doing things is not fundamentally the right way, and they shift to a new style that puts principle-centered leadership first, a unique relationship will develop. They will see that people have more creative energy, resourcefulness, and initiative to contribute when they feel valued and their accomplishments are valued. When managers begin to work with the whole person and embrace principles of fairness and kindness and make better use of their talents, than people have a sense of doing something that matters, something with meaning. (Covey) In my organization we are fast paced and deadline driven, each of us has to train and depend on our employees decision making process. I know which of my employees can handle which tasks and set goals for each according to their abilities. I usually get them together in a group to discuss wh at our immediate objectives are. I encourage input from every level, including our part time employees, so everyone feels included and when we achieve goals, everyone wins. We monitor our progress, and meet frequently if a problem arises, and are very quick to praise each other when we have moved closer to our goals. I feel including everyone in this process gives everyone a sense of ownership in the organization. My employees want to contribute, they take great pride in helping in the decision making process, their sense of meaning and worth are just as great a reward as any paycheck could be.

A Process Oriented Approach to Waiting Line Management in a Large Pilgrimage Center in India Essay

This article documents an innovative approach to manage waiting line in the largest pilgrimage center in the world. By a judicious combination of process orientation and advances in Information Technology, the pilgrimage center’s management has been able to dramatically change the pilgrims waiting experience. The pilgrimage location under study is Tirumala located in Andhra Pradesh state in India. The number of visitors to this important location has been steadily increasing over time. As of 2011, the location attracted approximately 30 to 40 million visitors a year. The primary objective of a pilgrim visiting Tirumala is to have darshan of the principle deity in the temple. The secondary objectives include tonsure (shaving head as a mark of respect), offering donations, prasadam collection, thulabaram, arjitha seva (paid services), local sightseeing and shopping. The immense popularity of the temple and its location poses significant challenges to the management of the system. This temple is a tradition bound Institution. Therefore, some alternatives to resolve pilgrim waiting time are feasible and some are not. There are some hard constraints which may not stand the test of logic. The ability to manage the traffic volume is a function of processing rate (darshan duration) at the temple and darshan time available per day. This case study is an example of improving operational effectiveness by using formal management methods in addressing an important real life problem in an under researched area. This pilgrimage center is located in the extension of Western Ghats and is popularly known as Tirumala. It is considered to be the abode of Lord Vishnu in the form of Venkateswara. The temple is the richest pilgrimage center, after the Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, of any faith (at more than 50,000 crore) and the most-visited place of worship in the world. This center attracts a large number of visitors from all over the country irrespective of their caste, religion, belief, social status and professional affiliation. The temple is visited by about 50,000 to 100,000 pilgrims daily (30 to 40 million people annually on average), while on special occasions and festivals, like the annual Brahmotsavam, the number of pilgrims shoots up to 500,000, making it the most-visited holy place in the world. The temple is on Venkatadri (also known as Venkatachala or Venkata Hill), the seventh peak, and is also known as the â€Å"Temple of Seven Hills†. Venkatadri, the hillock residing place of Lord Venkateswara is probably one of the oldest religious institutions in India. It is known to exist for over a period of 2000 years. It has a recorded history of thousand years. Based on the recorded history, the rituals and daily routines in this sacred temple are being performed without a break for more than 1000 years. Over a period of time Venkatadri has evolved as an epicenter of Vaishnavism. Several prominent Hindu religious institutions either have established a presence in Venkatadri or have made this as place of their administrative headquarters. Today, Venkatadri is not only a religious institution, but it has also evolved as a social institution. It supports financially a group of thirty (higher) educational institutions. Its mission is to systematically promote the study of Vedas and Sanskrit literature. The temple also provides generous financial support for construction of similar temples (Venkateswara) elsewhere in the country. Over a period of 50 years, the number of visitors to the temple and the town has increased by eight fold. [I960(2 million), 1970(4 million), 1980(7 million), 1990(11 million), 2000(16 million), 2010(30 million)]. Such a huge traffic generates tremendous stress on the social and physical infrastructure of the temple down (Tirumala and Tirupati). Being a tradition bound organization, certain modifications (on procedure, layout etc.) are not acceptable. The devotees (exposed to modern social norms) who come to the temple expect a better service quality and shorter waiting time. Thus, the managerial challenge is to balance the tradition, operational efficiency and increasing pilgrim expectations. Activities in the temple and the town and their management need to be also seen from a religious perspective. There is a divine dispensation in the institution, which may not be tinkered with in whatever modification(s) that are made in the facilities redesign and management of activities. Methodology The product and its delivery Pilgrims from all over the country arrive in the temple town. Usually they reach the foothill which is known as Tirupati. The mode of transport is rail, road (public or private transport) and air. Having reached Tirupati, those who have their own transport directly proceed to Tirumala. Some spend a few hours in sightseeing and visiting other temples and religious locations in and around Tirupati. The distance between Tirupati and Tirumala is 19Kms. Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC) operates regular services between Tirumala and Tirupati. The round trip is about 2.5 hours including waiting time at both the boarding points. Having reached Tirumala, the pilgrims look for a suitable accommodation. There are about 5000 cottages owned and managed by TTD for pilgrim’s convenience. After (a brief) resting, pilgrims go for tonsure (there are 500 barbers who operate on a 3 shift basis; 15,000 tonsures are done in a day). The annual revenue from export of hair (from tonsure) is Rs. 100 million. Following tonsure pilgrims go for a wash and bath in the holy tank in the middle of the temple town and then join the queue for darshan. Some pilgrims on arrival at Tirumala directly join the darshan queue and after the darshan visit the tonsure centre, take a bath in the holy tank and departure to their place of residence. There are 32 waiting compartments to house pilgrims while they await darshan. The average capacity of these compartments is 500. About 17,000 pilgrims can be held in waiting at any time. The average waiting time for darshan can vary between 2-12 hours depending on the day and season. There is tremendous uncertainty as when darshan would happen. There is also anxiety as how long is the wait. There is no (accurate) information to the pilgrims on what is ahead. Because of the commitment to the pilgrimage process, individual pilgrims go through this tedious experience with reverence and patience. Finally on a FIFO basis, pilgrims arrive in front of the deity. The actual darshan lasts for about 1.5 to 2 seconds. However, the pilgrims can have a view of the deity from a distance of 30 meters from the main entrance. The travel time is about 45 seconds. Actually, the passage towards darshan admits a file of 6 or 7 columns of pilgrims to go through the darshan process simultaneously. After the darshan the pilgrims donate money at the Hundi, equivalent of donation box, located inside as well as outside the temple and then leave the temple premises. The Hundi collection is about Rs. 2000 million a year. Often, they stand in another queue to receive free laddu (there are several counters that sell laddu). Approximately, 75,000 laddus are sold in a day. In view of demand and supply gap, there is rationing and restrictions on how many laddus a pilgrim can buy. Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam (TTD) the administrative agency in charge of this temple provides free meal to about 25,000 persons in a day. After receipt of laddu(s) and a meal, the pilgrim returns to his cottage or wait for a transport to go Tirupati and subsequently to his place of residence.